Andrej Karpathy (Tesla)
Andrej is currently Senior Director of AI at Tesla, and was formerly a Research Scientist at OpenAI. His educational materials about deep learning remain among the most popular.
Andrej's Landmark Post - "Software 2.0"
Software 1.0 consists of explicit instructions to the computer written by a programmer.
Software 2.0 can be written in much more abstract, human unfriendly language, such as the weights of a neural network.
In software 2.0, we restrict the search to a continuous subset of the program space where the search process can be made efficient with back-propagation and stochastic gradient descent.
Programming In The 2.0 Stack
If optimization is doing most of the coding, what are the humans doing?
2.0 programmers label data
1.0 programmers maintain the surrounding "dataset infrastructure":
Visualize data
Create and edit labels
Bubble up likely mislabeled examples
Suggest data to label
Flag labeler disagreements
Data labeling is highly iterative and non-trivial.
Lane lines are different across the world.
Cars have different shapes and sizes.
Even traffic lights and traffic signs can be ambiguous.
Label imbalances are very frequent.
Data imbalances are very common.
⇒ Realistic datasets: high label and data imbalances, noisy labels, highly multi-task, semi-supervised, active.
2.0 IDEs
Show a full inventory and statistics of the current dataset.
Create and edit annotation layers for any data point.
Flag, escalate, and resolve discrepancies in multiple labels.
Flag and escalate data points that are likely to be mislabeled.
Display predictions on an arbitrary set of test data points.
Auto-suggest data points that should be labeled.
⇒ Can we build GitHub for Software 2.0?
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